How Did Life Change For Native Americans After The American Revolution?
Advisor: Alan Taylor, Corcoran Department of History, University of Virginia, National Humanities Center Swain
Copyright National Humanities Eye, 2015
Through his 1790 speech, how does Seneca Main Cornplanter reflect the shifting political mural Native Americans faced post-obit the American Revolution?
Understanding
Native Americans were not included in the Treaty of Paris (1783), which concluded the American Revolution. The end of fighting presented them with a difficult path as they struggled to protect their homelands from their growing insignificance within the shifting international politics of eighteenth-century America.
Ki-On-Twog-Ky (also known equally Cornplanter), 1732/40–1836
Text
"To George Washington from the Seneca Chiefs, ane Dec 1790".
Discover more correspondence at Founders Online from the National Archives.
Text Type
Spoken communication, non-fiction
Text Complexity
Grade eleven-CCR complexity band.
For more information on text complexity encounter these resources from achievethecore.org.
In the Text Assay section, Tier 2 vocabulary words are defined in pop-ups, and Tier 3 words are explained in brackets.
Click here for standards and skills for this lesson.
X
Common Core State Standards
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.one (cite evidence to analyze specifically and by inference)
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.eleven-12.six (determine author'south betoken of view)
Avant-garde Placement U.s.a. History
- Central Concept 3.3 (IA) (Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances…)
- Key Concept 3.iii (IC) (Issues regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims…)
Instructor's Annotation
In this lesson students volition analyze a speech delivered in person by Cornplanter, chief of the Seneca tribe, to President George Washington on December 1, 1790. He delivered the address through a translator, and it was transcribed at the fourth dimension. Cornplanter's tribe was part of the Five Nations (later the Half dozen Nations after the Tuscarora joined), also called the Iroquois Confederacy, which occupied the territory that is today upstate New York. Six excerpts accompanied by close reading questions will allow students to investigate changes in the relationship between the Americans and the Seneca after the Revolution, changes similar to those experienced by many Native American tribes along the e coast.
This lesson approaches the post-war catamenia from the perspective of the Native Americans and their ill-defined position in the new political landscape. In his speech communication Cornplanter reminds Washington that, as was the case with most of the Six Nations, the Seneca saw the American Revolution as a civil state of war and resisted condign involved, even though they eventually alleged a side. Based on their previous trade and diplomatic relations with Uk, the Seneca stood confronting the Rebels, which meant that later on the Revolution they were forced to accept the role of a defeated nation. Cornplanter asks Washington to clarify the position of the Seneca and to honor treaty obligations of the by. His speech allows students to run across the American victory in 1783 through a dissimilar lens, discovering the unsettling effects of the victory through the eyes of the Half dozen Nations.
This lesson is divided into two parts, both accessible below. The teacher'south guide includes a background note, the text analysis with responses to the close reading questions, an optional follow-up assignment, and admission to three interactive exercises. The first is a review of vocabulary. The second allows students to compare their thinking with Cornplanter's, while the third provides a review of his main arguments. The student's version, an interactive worksheet that tin be east-mailed, contains all of the above except the responses to the close reading questions and the follow-upwardly assignment.
Instructor's Guide (continues below)
| Student Version (click to open)
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Instructor'southward Guide
Groundwork
Groundwork Questions
- What kind of text are nosotros dealing with?
- When was it written?
- Who wrote it?
- For what audition was it intended?
- For what purpose was it written?
This lesson analyses a speech delivered on December 1, 1790, by Cornplanter (1746?–1836), a chief of the Seneca tribe, to President George Washington. The speech tells a story of trust and betrayal, weakness and ability. To sympathize information technology, we must understand how the relationship between Indians and European newcomers evolved over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The Seneca were office of the 5 Nations (later to become the Six Nations subsequently the Tuscarora joined), also called the Iroquois Confederacy. The Confederacy held what is today upstate New York. The Seneca occupied the western part of that area. Extremely powerful, the Six Nations controlled transportation and merchandise routes into the Ohio Valley. When Europeans arrived in America, the tribes considered their presence an opportunity to expand their trade and influence, and they established relationships with the Dutch, the British, and the French. During the French and Indian War (1754–63) the Confederacy allied with the victorious British. Before the War British settlers had been pushing into Indian territory. With the determination of fighting the Declaration of 1763 forbade such intrusions, just settlers ignored it and continued to claim Indian lands. In 1768 colonial and Six Nation leaders met at Fort Stanwix in New York to draw upwards a treaty that would establish boundaries and go along settlers out of Indian territory. The treaty proved no more than constructive than the earlier Annunciation. The settlers kept coming.
The Usa of America, with the British possessions of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland, 1794 (detail).
As the American Revolution began, the Six Nations attempted to remain neutral; they considered the disharmonize a civil war and had no desire to go involved. As pressure from both sides increased, the British, in particular, insisted that the Half dozen Nations marry with them. The tribes could not concur on which side to back up, and the Confederacy split. The Oneida and Tuscarora supported the Americans; the Seneca, Mohawks, Onondagas, and Cayugas joined the British.
Fifty-fifty though they fought on both sides in the American Revolution and inhabited territories negotiated between Great Britain and the U.s., the Half-dozen Nations were ignored in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which ended the war. Withal, they hoped to retain both influence and control of their lands. The 6 Nations maintained trade relations with the British, and their territory constituted a buffer between British forts in the Ohio Valley and what was then the northwest border of the United States.
As strategic as that buffer was, Indian buying of it represented an obstacle to the westward expansion of the U.s.a.. During the colonial menstruum Native Americans would oft lease land to settlers but retain the right to hunt on it or ask for food from the settlers. After the Revolution American leaders ended this practice and claimed the correct to purchase Indian state. In the deals that followed, precise boundaries were difficult to determine because Indians did not survey their lands, marking them instead with pictographs, burying mounds, stones, or natural features. To settle various boundary disputes, Seneca chiefs, in 1784, returned to Fort Stanwix for a replay of the 1768 negotiations. This fourth dimension they did non confront representatives of a British colony simply rather officials of a new, independent nation. While the treaty they signed drew boundaries, it also forced them to surrender pregnant amounts of territory. In render, however, the treaty guaranteed that they would be secure in the possession of their remaining lands.
However, fifty-fifty with the Fort Stanwix agreement in place, Indian land property continued to shrink as speculators and government agents, both federal and land, laid merits to more and more than territory. This relentless pressure on Indian land brought Cornplanter to Philadelphia, which had replaced New York every bit the national capitol in 1790, to ask Washington to ostend that the Seneca lands belong to the Seneca and could not exist taken from them.
Did Cornplanter succeed? In his response Washington stated that he could non enforce the land-protecting provisions of the 1784 Fort Stanwix treaty because it was made under the Articles of Confederation, which were no longer in effect. However, he bodacious Cornplanter that the United States would honor future treaties. Despite this, speculators and state governments connected to take Indian lands.
Past examining several key passages from Cornplanter's speech communication, nosotros will discover the arguments he deployed in his appeal to Washington, and we will get a sense of the plight of the tribes in the wake of the American Revolution.
Text Analysis
Excerpt 1
Close Reading Questions
Activeness: Vocabulary
Learn definitions past exploring how words are used in context.
1. In sentence 1 when Cornplanter refers to Washington as "the slap-up counselor in whose center the wise men of the thirteen fires have placed their wisdom," to what is he referring?
He is referring to the fact that Washington is president of the United States and he speaks for the thirteen divide states.
2. In judgement iv Cornplanter's reference to Washington as "the Boondocks-destroyer" recalls a time during the American Revolution (1779) when he ordered the burning of Seneca villages. Why does Cornplanter bring this upward?
He wants to remind Washington that Cornplanter understands that he is a powerful warrior and has defeated the Seneca in the past. He also wants to remind Washington that the Seneca have suffered in the past.
three. In sentence 6 Cornplanter contrasts Washington'south role as soldier with his role as peace maker. What is the result of this contrast?
Cornplanter reminds Washington that although at one time they were enemies, they are no longer. It reminds Washington that the Seneca look to him for protection.
iv. What is the importance of the use of the word "father" in sentence 6?
It describes Washington's current role every bit the protector of the Indians and their land.
five. In sentences ix and 10 Cornplanter refers to the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix. According to Cornplanter what happened there? Why?
The Americans forced the Seneca to give up large areas of land without being paid anything. The Indians assumed the Americans did this because they all the same harbored animosity toward the Seneca for allying with the British during the Revolution. The Seneca thought that this treatment was unfair; they had hoped that the American's acrimony had passed and were somewhat surprised to see that it had non.
half-dozen. In sentence 10 what hope does Cornplanter raise?
He raises the possibility that Washington will reconsider the treaty of Fort Stanwix.
Cornplanter sets the tone of his statement.
To the great Councillor of the thirteen fires.
The Spoken communication of the Corn-planter, Half-boondocks and the Peachy-Tree chiefs of the Senecca Nation.
(1) …The voice of the Senecca Nation speaks to y'all the great Councillor, in whose centre, the wise men of the xiii fires, have placed their wisdom. (2) It may exist very small in your ears, & we therefore entreat you to hearken with attention. (3) For we are almost to speak of things which are to us very great. (4) When your army entered the State of the Six Nations, nosotros called yous the Boondocks-destroyer and to this twenty-four hours, when that name is heard, our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling close to the neck of their mothers. (5) Our Councillors and warriors are men, and tin non exist afraid; but their hearts are grieved with the fears of our women & children, and want, that information technology may exist cached so deep, as to be heard no more. (half-dozen) When you gave us peace nosotros called you father, because you lot promised to secure us in the possession of our Land. (seven) Practise this and so long as the Land shall remain that honey name shall alive in the eye of every Senecca….
(eight) We mean to open our hearts before you, and we earnestly desire, that you will let us clearly understand, what you resolve to do. (ix) When our chiefs returned from the treaty of fort Stanwix, and laid before our Council what had been washed in that location our Nation was surprized to hear, how cracking a Land you lot had compelled them to give up, to you, without paying u.s.a. whatsoever thing for it. (10) Every one said your hearts were even so swelled with resentment against us for what had happened during the war: but that one day you would reconsider it with more kindness. (11) We asked each other what we had done to deserve such severe chastisement.
Excerpt 2
Close Reading Questions
7. In sentence 12, to what time is Cornplanter referring? How do you lot know? Cite evidence from the text.
He is referring to the fourth dimension before the American Revolution. His statement "kindled your 13 fires separately" means the thirteen colonies were not notwithstanding one country but withal split up colonies. When he speaks of existence "the children of one great father," he is referring to the English Male monarch.
8. According to Cornplanter, what was the human relationship before the American Revolution between the Seneca and the colonists?
The colonists and Indians were equals — brothers. Both groups were the children of the Rex "beyond the great waters where the sunday starting time rises". In sentences 12 and 13 Cornplanter states that all the white men were "brothers," the children of i great Begetter who regarded also the red people as his children.
9. Cornplanter offers a reason to explain why the Seneca supported the British during the American Revolution. What is the reason?
During the colonial period the British, the "wise men," bodacious the Indians that both they and the British were children of a great Father, the King, who was powerful and proficient. The Seneca believed them and "promised to obey" this great Begetter. When the Revolution came, the Seneca kept their promise.
ten. How does Cornplanter debate that in some means the colonists were to arraign for the Seneca supporting Britain?
He maintains that the Seneca were simply doing what the Americans told them to exercise dorsum when they (the Americans) were themselves British. The Seneca believed that the American rebellion did not nullify the promise they had made earlier to the British.
11. Why does he brand this statement?
He makes it in the hope that it will lessen the hostility of the Americans to the Indians. He referred to this hope before in judgement ten.
Cornplanter explains why the Seneca fought confronting the Americans during the Revolution.
(12) …When you kindled your thirteen fires separately, the wise men that assembled at them told u.s. you were all brothers, the children of 1 great Begetter who regarded as well the red people every bit his children. (13) They chosen us brothers and invited us to his protection. (14) They told usa he resided across the great waters where the sun first rises: That he was a King whose ability no people could resist, and that his goodness was bright every bit that dominicus. (xv) What they said went to the lesser of our hearts: We accustomed the invitation and promised to obey him. (xvi) What the Senecca Nation promise they faithfully perform; and when yous refused obedience to that King he ordered usa to help his dearest men in making you sober. (17) In obeying him we did no more you yourselves had pb united states to promise. (18) The men who claimed this promise said that you were children and had no Guns that when they had shaken you, yous would submit. (19) We hearkened to them and were deceived until your regular army approached our towns. (20) We were deceived by your people in education us to confide in that King, had helped to deceive united states and wnow [we now] appeale to your hearts. (21) Is the blame all ours?…
Excerpt 3
Close Reading Questions
12. In sentence 22 Cornplanter refers to the American'due south invitation to negotiate at Fort Stanwix. According to Cornplanter, how did the Americans persuade the Seneca to give up territory once the negotiations began?
The Americans threatened them, noting that they had the power to crush the Seneca. The chiefs, realizing that they could non fight against that power, gave in to the American demands.
13. Cornplanter closes sentence 23 past maxim "as if our want of strength had destroyed our rights." What does he mean by this statement?
Cornplanter means that even though the Seneca are weak, suffering from a "want of strength," they still have rights. In sentence 26 he, in event, asks Washington to consider the America's treatment of the Seneca in view of those rights.
14. Cornplanter closes this paragraph with a question, using it to encourage Washington to think about the situation in another style. What exactly is Cornplanter request Washington to exercise?
He is asking him to "consider calmly were the terms dictated to the states reasonable and just". He wants Washington to reconsider the terms of the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
Cornplanter maintains that the Americans took advantage of the Seneca's weakness.
(22) When nosotros saw we were deceived and heard the invitation which you lot gave u.s.a. to draw near to the fire you lot had kindled and talk with you lot concerning peace we made haste towards it. (23) You and so told usa we were in your mitt & that by closing it you could vanquish us to goose egg; and y'all demanded of usa a great Land as the price of that peace y'all had offered u.s.; as if our want of strength had destroyed our rights. (24) Our Chiefs had felt your ability & were unable to contend confronting you lot and they therefore gave up that Country. (25) What they agreed to has bound our nation. (26) Only your anger against us must by this fourth dimension be cooled, and altho' our Strength has non encreased nor your power get less we ask you to consider calmly were the terms dictated to us reasonable and but?
Excerpt iv
Close Reading Questions
15. Cornplanter ends the get-go paragraph of this extract with a question. What is he asking?
He wants to know if Washington volition abide by the boundary lines fatigued in the 1784 treaty with the Seneca.
16. According to Cornplanter, what happened after the signing of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix?
Immediately after the signing of the Treaty, commissioners from the state of Pennsylvania sought to purchase land that was supposed to be protected past the Treaty. When the Seneca refused to sell all the state the commissioners wanted and offered instead just a portion, the commissioners told them that the King of England had given them the state in the treaty that ended the Revolution.
17. How did the Seneca respond to the news that the King had the right to cede their lands to others?
They were confused by it. Hither they enquire Washington to explain it to them. Later they will flatly assert that the King did not have that correct.
18. Why does Seneca heighten the Phelps incident to Washington?
He does then to illustrate another problem the Seneca face, the pressure of land speculators who deceive them.
19. What does the Phelps incident tell us near the situation of the Seneca?
It illustrates their weakness by highlighting their vulnerability to existence defrauded and their disability to find redress when they are swindled.
xx. What argument does Phelps brand to claim the Seneca's country?
Like the Pennsylvania commissioners, he asserts that the King of England had given the land to Americans from whom he had purchased it. He is, in effect, saying that he already owns the land.
21. How do the Seneca respond to this utilize of the argument that the British king gave Indian lands to the Americans?
As earlier, they limited confusion.
Cornplanter cites an argument Americans have used to claim Indian lands.
(27) …Your commissioners when they drew the line which separated the country then given upwards to you, from that which you agreed should remain to exist ours did, most solemnly hope, that nosotros should be secured in the peaceable possession of the lands which we inhabited, East, & N, of that line. (28) Does this promise demark you?
(29) Hear now nosotros entreat you, what has since happened, concerning that Land. (30) On the day on which we finished the treaty at fort Stanwix, commissioners from Pennsylvania, told our chiefs, that they had come there to purchase from us, all the Lands belonging to united states within the lines of their Country, and they told u.s. that their line would strike the river Susquehanna beneath Tioga branch. (31) They then left usa to consider the bargain 'till the next solar day. (32) On the next day we permit them know, that we were unwilling to sell all the Lands within their Country, and proposed to let them have a office of it which we pointed to them in their map.
(33) They told us they must have the whole: That it was already ceded to them by the great King at the time of making peace with you, and wastheir own. (34) But they said they would non accept advantage of that, and were willing to pay us for it after the way of their Ancestors. (35) Our chiefs were unable to argue at that time, & therefore they sold the Lands…. (36) Since that time nosotros have heard then much of the right to our lands which the King gave when you made peace with him that it is our earnest desire you will tell u.s. what they hateful….
(37) For [a large piece of] Land Phelps [a land speculator] agreed to pay united states X thousand dollars in manus [immediately] and one g dollars a year for always. (38) He paid us two thousand & five hundred dollars in paw part of the Ten thousand, and he sent for us last Spring to come and receive our coin; but instead of paying us the remainder of the Ten Thousand dollars, and the ane k dollars due for the get-go year, he offered us no more than 5 hundred dollars, and insisted he had agreed with us for that sum just to exist paid yearly. (39) We debated with him six days during all which fourth dimension he persisted in refusing to pay us our just demand…. (40) The terminal reason he assigned for standing to pass up paying us was,that the King had ceded the lands to the xiii fires and that he had bought them from you andpaid you for them.
(41) We could bear this confusion no longer, & adamant to press thro' every difficulty, and lift upward our vocalisation that you lot might hear us, and to claim that security in the possession of our lands which your commissioners and then solemnly promised the states, and we at present entreat you to inquire into our complaints and redress our wrongs….
Excerpt v
Shut Reading Questions
22. What does the first paragraph tell usa most the Seneca country of listen?
The Seneca are drastic. The loss of their land and the uncertainty of their condition have driven them to prefer decease over life.
23. In paragraph iii what arguments does Cornplanter make confronting the legitimacy of the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix?
He argues that only a few Half-dozen Nation chiefs were present at the negotiations, and they were forced to sign and give up their lands.
24. How did other tribes in the region react to the Treaty?
They criticized the chiefs who negotiated the Treaty for giving u.s. then much country. Moreover, because they felt that they may not have "a place…to prevarication downwards on," they threatened state of war.
25. How did the Seneca respond when other tribes called on them to war confronting the Americans?
They asked them to wait until the Seneca could talk to the Americans.
26. Why does Cornplanter tell Washington that the Seneca persuaded the tribes non to go to war?
He wants strengthen his case by illustrating how valuable the Seneca are to Washington in keeping the peace on the northwestern frontier.
27. In this excerpt what warning is Cornplanter delivering to Washington?
He is telling him that there is unrest on America's northwestern border and that if the Indians' bug are not addressed, if he cannot assure the tribes that they volition take a place "to lie downward on," there volition be state of war.
Cornplanter warns Washington of unrest on America'due south northwestern border.
(42) You take said we were in your hand, and that by closing it, you lot could trounce usa to nothing. Are you lot determined to crush united states of america? (43) If you are, tell us so that those of our nation who have become your children & are determined to dice so, may know what to do: In this case ane chief has said, he would enquire you to put him out of pain: Another, who will non think of dying by the hand of his father, has said he will retire to the Chataughque, consume of the faral root, and sleep with his fathers in peace.
(44) Earlier yous determine on a measure so unjust, wait upwardly to the God who made united states of america, too as yous, we hope he volition not permit you to destroy the whole of our nation…
(45) When that peachy State was given up, in that location were simply few Chiefs present, and they were compelled to requite it up. (46) And information technology is not the Vi nations only, that reproach those Chiefs, with having given up that State; the Chipaways and all the nations who lived on those lands westward, call to us & ask u.s. brothers of our fathers where is the identify which you have reserved for us to prevarication downwardly on.
(47) You lot have compelled the states to practice that which has made us aback. (48) Nosotros have nothing to reply to the children of the brothers of our fathers. (49) When final Jump they chosen on us to go to state of war to secure them a bed to lie upon, The Seneccas entreated them to be tranquillity until we had spoken to you: but on our way downwardly we heard, your ground forces had gone to the Country which those nations inhabit: and if they meet together the best blood on both sides will stain the footing…
(50) We will not muffle from yous, that the great God, and not man has preserved the Corn planter from his ain nation: for they ask continually, where is the Land which our children and their children later them are to prevarication down on?….
Excerpt 6
Shut Reading Questions
28. Why has Cornplanter given "all that he had in store" to "those who have been robbed"?
He suggests that he has done and so to avert state of war, to foreclose the victims from plundering "the innocent to repay themselves."
29. How have Cornplanter's peace-making efforts affected his family?
He has been unable to to provide for his family, and now they are suffering from lack of food.
thirty. According to Cornplanter, how accept the Seneca interpreted the departure of game from their lands?
They believe it is a sign from the Great Spirit that they, like the white man, should turn the soil.
31. How does Cornplanter refute argument that the British male monarch gave Indian lands to the Americans after the Revolution?
He asserts that the king never endemic the lands in the first place. God gave the land to the ancestors of the electric current generation, and they will in plough to pass it to the side by side.
32. What finally does Cornplanter inquire of Washington?
He asks whether the Americans plan to leave the Seneca with any lands at all.
Cornplanter speaks of his personal sacrifice and the plight of his people.
(51) He loves peace, and all that he had in shop he has given to those who take been robbed past your people, lest they should plunder the innocent to repay themselves: the whole flavour which others employed in providing for their families, he has spent in his endeavors to preserve peace. (52) And at this moment his wife and children are lying on the Footing in want of nutrient. (53) His center is in pain for them; but he perceives that the great God will try his firmness in doing what is right.
(54) The Game which the great Spirit sent into our Country for usa to swallow, is going from among us: We thought he intended we should till the ground equally the white people do, and we talked to one another nearly it. (55) But before we speak to you lot of this, we must know from you, whether y'all mean to get out us, and our children, any land to till. (56) Speak plainly to u.s. apropos this great business concern. (57) All the Lands we accept been speaking of belonged to the Vi Nations: no role of it always belonged to the King of England, and he could not give it to you. (58) The Land nosotros live on our Fathers received from God, and they transmitted it to usa, for our Children and we cannot part with it….
(59) These are to u.s. very great things. (60) We know that you lot are strong and we have heard that you are wise; and nosotros look to hear your answer to what we have said that nosotros may know that you are just.
Follow-Up Assignment: Fort Stanwix, 1784
On January 19, 1791, Washington replied to Cornplanter's want to restore lands lost at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, saying:
Although information technology is my sincere want in looking forrad to endeavour to promote your happiness by all only and humane arrangements; yet I cannot disannull [erase] treaties formed by the United States before my administration, specially equally the boundaries mentioned therein take been twice confirmed by yourselves. The lines fixed at Fort Stanwix…must therefore remain established.
But why did Cornplanter concord to give upward state at Fort Stanwix?
At the Conference of Fort Stanwix in 1784, only 1 year after the Treaty of Paris of 1783 than ended the American Revolution, several conflicting powers competed for control of Indian lands. New state boundaries often overlapped, and western borders extended to the Pacific Ocean regardless of Native American territories. The land of New York, intent upon controlling the lands of the region, distrusted the negotiators from the federal authorities, fearing that they might desire to deprive New York of their country altogether and make a new state. Massachusetts was determined to proceeds the lands for Massachusetts, since they owned a grant from the English King dated 1630 (New York's lease was dated 1663). Both these states wanted the lands to sell to speculators in order to raise money and aid pay their war debts from the American Revolution. Another outcome arose — according to the Articles of Confederation, individual states managed Indian affairs within their own boundaries while the federal government managed affairs of tribes outside individual land boundaries. Only the boundaries were unclear. All three governments claimed the right to command the lands of the Half-dozen Nations.
Suspicious of the purpose of the Fort Stanwix Briefing, the Iroquois, yet technically allied with the British, sent a limited number of delegates to the Conference, including Cornplanter, who served every bit one of the 2 major Iroquois spokesmen. The Iroquois signed the treaty terms as required by federal negotiators, who, supported by a strong military presence, dealt with the Iroquois every bit a conquered nation. The new 1784 purlieus line took huge sections of land from the 6 Nations, separating the tribes from their former British allies and reminding the Iroquois that they must await to the U.S. lone for protection and assist. It also helped to split up the Six Nations from other Native tribes in the Ohio Valley in order to prevent them from organizing an uprising. The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1784 was rejected by a Six Nations council equally 1 forced upon delegates against their wills, only the Americans ignored this response and proceeded to occupy the lands.
So how would you settle the problem of Indian lands after the American Revolution? Remember, British forts are still active and manned with soldiers in the Ohio Valley region and Canada, lending all but military back up to Native Tribes; dissimilar states with unclear boundaries are claiming ownership of the lands for money and their own edge security; the federal government has weak power under the Articles of Confederation but wishes both to control the rate at which settlers move west into Indian lands and found a strong edge for national defence force; speculators are buying and selling state rights from different states and with different chiefs for personal profit; and there are no phones or internet. Create a clear plan for how to resolve this problem. How volition the land be divided? How will the parties know boundary locations? What nearly the Native Americans — will they lose hunting and fishing grounds? How will they live? Develop your plan and share it with your classmates.
Vocabulary Pop-Ups
- entreat: earnestly request
- hearken: listen
- compelled: forced
- chastisement: intense criticism
- kindled: started called-for
- sober: cocky-controlled
- want: lack of
- solemnly: seriously
- ceded: surrendered
- contend: fence
- redress: correct
- plunder: rob
- till: turn
Text:
- "To George Washington from the Seneca Chiefs, 1 Dec 1790," Founders Online, National Archives (http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-07-02-0005, ver. 2014-05-09). Source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. vii, 1 December 1790 – 21 March 1791, ed. Jack D. Warren, Jr. Charlottesville: University Printing of Virginia, 1998, pp. 7–16.
Images:
- Ki-On-Twog-Ky (also known as Cornplanter), 1732/40–1836, by F. Bartoli. Collection of the New-York Historical Society. Used with permission. http://www.nyhistory.org/showroom/ki-twog-ky-also-known-cornplanter-173240-1836
- Laurie, Robert & Whittle, James. The Us of America, with the British possessions of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland. Map, detail. London: Laurie & Whittle, 1794. From Library of Congress Geography and Map Sectionalization. http://www.loc.gov/item/98685649/ (accessed Nov 2014).
Source: https://americainclass.org/america-and-the-six-nations/
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